Conditional Sentence

FUTURE CONDITIONAL (TYPE I)

This type of conditional sentences tells hopes and plans that are still possible to happen in the future. For example:

-If I pass the final exam, I will continue studying at President University.
If clause main clause

-I will not go out if it rains this evening.
Main clause if clause

-If + subject + present tense, Subject + will/will not + present tense

If clause main clause

PRESENT CONDITIONAL (TYPE 2)

It used to imagine a future happening but unreal to happen. It uses past tense (did, was, found, etc) after the ‘if clause’ but the meaning is present. In the ‘main clause’, it uses would/would not (wouldn’t).

For example

ü If we didn’t go to the party, he would be very angry.

If cause main clause

ü If you stopped smoking, you would feel healthier.

If clause main clause

If + subject + past tense, Subject + would/wouldn’t + present tense

If clause main clause

The speaker imagines that he/she do something, but actually not.

PAST CONDITIONAL (TYPE 3)

We use past tense and past perfect to describe something in the past which was contrary to the fact or which did not happen and is unreal.

had + past participle, would have + past participle

if clause main clause

For example:

If the scientists had not worked hard, they would not have invented fuel.

If clause main clause

The real situation was that the scientists worked hard so they invented the fuel.

How to Be a Good Master of Ceremonies

Guide to being Master of Ceremonies for any event. Learn how to leave your stage fright at home and impress everyone with your Magical Charisma!

 Steps

1. Know your event. These instructions apply to all types of ceremonies, from graduations to bar mitzvahs to celebrity roasts. The key to being a good MC is confidence. Knowing what’s going on (and thus what you should talk about) is everything. There’s nothing more embarrassing than announcing to 100 people that Joe Blow is about to juggle bowling balls, only to have Jane Doe come out singing a song
2. Establish your contact well in advance of the event day. Your contact will tell you the schedule and order of events, allowing you to be prepared. Your preparation will let you focus on interacting with the crowd, instead of trying to be entertaining, and figure out what’s going on at the same time.
3. Smile constantly. Smiling shows the crowd that you’re at ease and having a good time. You want them to be at ease and have a good time, so you’ve got to set the example. If need be, imagine in advance several happy or funny scenarios. Play out these scenarios in your head while you’re talking to the crowd. Remember the old speech class advice – imagine everyone in the crowd is in their underwear. Your light-heartedness is sure to rub off.
4. Don’t forget your main job is to talk to the crowd. You’re keeping them informed about the ceremony, and giving the talent or featured individual time to prepare to go onstage.
5. Study your lines. Usually people have lines before they do the actual thing. So study them so your mind won’t go blank during the show.
6. Don’t stop when you mess up. Sometimes people say the wrong things when they’re talking because they’re nervous. Don’t stress and move on.
7. Try to be funny. Nobody likes a dull host! Try to laugh sometimes and crack a joke once and a while.
8. Stare at something or think of something that makes you “less” nervous. Stare at the wall or a clock and talk to them to make you less nervous.
9. Slow down with your words. If you talk to fast it can lead to stuttering and people watching you can’t understand what you say. So slow down when your talking
10. Ask questions that people might answer. Especially younger crowds with answer “yes” or “no” if you ask a question. It keeps them focused and they won’t get distracted

Offering and Responding Help

There are some ways to offer helps and to respond them. For example:

• May I help you?
• Can I help you?
• Are you looking for something?
• Would you like some help?
• Do you need some help?
• What can I do for you today?

OFFERING HELP

Or offering to do something for someone.

If we classify into their level of formality (situation), consider the speaker and listener, here they are:

INFORMAL	NEUTRAL	FORMAL
Can I help u?Let me help you … Shall I … If you like I could … What can I do to help …? Would you like any help …? Is there anything I can do …? I will …zx	Need some help?I’ll do it for you. Want a hand …? Can I help out? You look like you could do with some help…	May I be of assistant?Might I help at all? Perhaps I could assist in some way? If we can be any of assistance, please do not hesitate to contact us again. (usually for written)

RESPONDING HELP

To respond help, people may accept or refuse an offer of helps. The common respons for help is “Thank you”. The examples of the responses are:

ACCEPTING AN OFFER OF HELPS:

NEUTRAL	INFORMAL	FORMAL
That’s very kind of you.Yes, please. If you’re sure it’s no trouble.	Cheers!Thanks very much. Just what I needed …! Lovely! / Great!	You’re most kind.That’s extremely kind/good/thoughtful of you.

REFUSING AN OFFER OF HELP

NEUTRAL	INFORMAL	FORMAL
No, thank you.No, really, I can manage. That’s very kind f you, but … Don’t think so, thank you. No, it’s all right, really. Thank you for offering, but … No, don’t bother, really.	No, it’s OK. ThanksThanks a lot, but … Nice thought, but … No, don’t worry.	It’s very good of you to offer, but …Please don’t trouble yourself about … That’s extremely kind of you, but … I’m very grateful for your offer. However, …

Reference:

Blundell, John. 1982. Function in English. Oxford University Press

Like this:

Agreement and Disagreement

To express agree or disagree to an opinion, you may use the following expressions:

Stating an opinion	In my opinion… The way I see it… If you want my honest opinion…. According to Lisa… As far as I’m concerned… If you ask me…
Asking for an opinion	What’s your idea? What are your thoughts on all of this? How do you feel about that? Do you have anything to say about this? What do you think? Do you agree? Wouldn’t you say?
Expressing agreement	I agree with you 100 percent. I couldn’t agree with you more. That’s so true. That’s for sure. (slang) Tell me about it! You’re absolutely right. Absolutely. That’s exactly how I feel. Exactly. I’m afraid I agree with James. I have to side with Dad on this one. No doubt about it. (agree with negative statement) Me neither. (weak) I suppose so./I guess so. You have a point there. I was just going to say that.
Expressing disagreement	I don’t think so. (strong) No way. I’m afraid I disagree. (strong) I totally disagree. I beg to differ. (strong) I’d say the exact opposite. Not necessarily. That’s not always true. That’s not always the case. No, I’m not so sure about that. I can’t accept it I don’t think I agree with you.

«‹‹“«

THE EXERCISES

EXERCISE 1
Choose the correct answer for the following questions.

1.         Vina     : Do you think browsing on internet is difficult?

Dea      : Mm… I don’t think so. We just need more practice.

The underlined sentence expresses …

(A)  asking opinion

(B)   agreement

(C)   disagreement

(D)  satisfaction

(E)   dissatisfaction

2.         Chen    : I’m thinking about going camping next holiday. What do you think?

Chan    : It’s great I think.

The underlined expression shows …

(A)  possibility

(B)   satisfaction

(C)   sympathy

(D)  ability

(E)   agreement

3.         Bill       : Do you agree that the school’s new regulation is disappointing?

Bob      : No, …….. because it is better than the previous one.

The suitable expression for the sentence above is …

(A)   I’m 100 percent agree with you

(B)   I entirely disagree with you.

(C)   I get along with you

(D)   I suppose so.

(E)    I dare you are right

4.         Jack     : What do you think of our new jackets?

Jill        : It’s a lovely jacket ever. I’m satisfied with the model.

Jane     : Yes, ………………. I like the model. We’d better order again next year.

(A)   I get along with your opinion

(B)   I can’t accept it

(C)   Not really

(D)   I’m not sure about that

(E)    Well, it depends

5.         Tanaka : Have you heard that Mr. Chan has been promoted to be the area manager?

Omura  : I think he is a right person for that position.

Keiko   : … because his experience and educational background are great and fantastic.

(A)   I wouldn’t accept that

(B)   I’m afraid you are wrong

(C)   I don’t have any objection to it

(D)   I don’t agree with you at all

(E)    Not necessarily

6.         Odi       : I think English is a very difficult language to learn.

Steven  : Do you think so? You just need practicing everyday and it will be very easy.

What does Steven mean?

(A)   He is not satisfied with Odi’s opinion

(B)   He agrees on Odi’s opinion

(C)   He feels regret on Odi’s opinion

(D)   He disagrees on Odi’s opinion

(E)    He is satisfied with Odi’s opinion

7.         Mother : Television has a bad influence to children.

Father   : That’s exactly my opinion. We should limit their time for watching TV.

What does the father mean?

(A)   He agrees with mother

(B)   He has no opinion

(C)   He disagrees with mother

(D)   He feels regret to have no opinion

(E)    He is satisfied with the opinion

8.         Lea      : I think ‘dangdut’ music is only appropriate for villagers.

Sam      : I’m afraid you’re wrong. It’s become popular even high class people enjoy dangdut much.

What is Sam’s opinion towards Lea’s?

(A)   He agrees

(B)   He disagrees

(C)   He has no opinion

(D)   He is satisfied

(E)    He is happy

EXECISE 2

Complete the following dialogue with your own opinion by using the expressions above.

1)      Mary    : What do you think of Indonesian movie?

ViVi     : ……………………………………….

2)      Ali        : Everyone has the right to express their opinion.

Bet       : …………………………………………………

3)      Noe      : Smoking should be permitted in public places

Jim       : ……………………………………………….

4)      Alex     : What is your opinion to the idol singing competition nowadays?

David   : ………………………………………………..

5)      Mickey: Teachers should not give homework to the students.

Mouse  : ………………………………………………….

6)      Tom     : What do you think of our new batik uniform on Fridays?

Jerry     : …………………………………………………

7)      Darby   : Breakfast is the most important meal of the day.

Pooh     : ………………………………………………

Simple Past Tense

Simple Past tense is used to express that something happened/took place and was finished at some time in the past. It also indicates that an activity began and ended at particular time in the past. We use the past simple to talk about actions or situations in the past.

For example:

• Mr. Edward died ten years ago.
• When I lived in Manchester, I worked in a bank.

Simple Past usually ends in –ed (regular), for example:

• After we arrived at the gardens we walked down to the Education Centre.
• She passed the final examination because she studied hard.
• We invited them to our party last week.

But many simple past are irregular means that the simple past does not end in –ed. For example:

• We all left the party at 11 o’clock. (leave)
• Yesterday we went to the Botanical Garden. (go)
• A lady took us in to a special room. (take)

The past of the verb be (am/is/are) is was/were, as the following examples:

• It was time for us to go.
• I was angry because Tom and Jerry were late.

In past simple question and negatives, we use did/did not (didn’t) followed by the infinitive (open/walk/go, etc) but we do not use did with the verb be

Positive	Negative	Question
We went to the Botanic Garden.	We didn’t go to the Botanic Garden.	Did we go to the Botanic garden?
They were so angry.	They were not so angry.	Were they so angry?

 

 

 

THE EXERCISES

 

EXERCISE 1

Read carefully the passage below, then, underline the verbs in the simple past tense form.

Postcards always spoil my holidays. Last summer, I went to Italy. I visited museums and sat in public gardens. A friendly waiter taught me a few words of Italian. Then he lent me a book. I read a few lines, but I did not understand a word. Everyday I thought about postcards. My holidays passed quickly, but I did not send any cards to my friends. On the last day I made a big decision. I got up early and bought thirty-seven cards. I spent the whole day in my room, but I did not write a single cards.

(Taken from Practice and Progress, Alexander, L.G, 2000)

 

 

EXERCISE 2

From the simple past form above, change the sentences into the negative forms.

 

EXERCISE 3

Give the correct form of the verbs in brackets in the passage below. Each verb must tell us what happened.

My friend, Roy, (die) last year. He (leave) me his record player and his collection of gramophone records. Roy (spend) a lot of money on records. He (buy) one or two new records every week. He never (go) to the cinema or to the theatre. He (stay) at home every evening and (listen) to music. He often (lend) records to his friends. Sometimes they (keep) them. He (lose) many records in this way.

 

EXERCISE 4

Now create sentences by using the information provided below. Number one has been done for you. You may add some words to complete the sentence as it becomes correct sentence.

cook

my mother

yesterday

The sentence: My mother cooked fried rice yesterday

	what	who	when
1.	order	I and my boyfriend	last night
2.	send	My grandpa	a year ago
3.	study	Jenny	last year
4.	get accident	My uncle	yesterday
5.	leave	My teacher	Last week

The sentences:

1)      …………………………………………………………………..

2)      …………………………………………………………………..

3)      ………………………………………………………………….

4)      ………………………………………………………………….

5)      ………………………………………………………………….

Adjective Clause

Adjective clause or relative clause tells us which (what kind of) person or thing the speaker means. For example:

ü      The man who lives next door … (tells us which man)

ü      People who live in London … (tells us what kind of people)

• ‘Who’ is used when we are talking about people. For example:

The man – he lives next door – is very friendly

The man who lives next door is very friendly.

It is also possible to use ‘that’ instead of ‘who’.

The man that lives next door is very friendly.

• ‘Which’ is used to talk about things. We can also use ‘that’.

ü      A dictionary is a book which/that gives you the meanings of words.

ü      Where are the eggs which/that are in the fridge?

• ‘Whose’ is used instead of his/her/their (mostly for people):

We saw some people – their car had broken down.

We saw some people whose car had broken down.

• ‘Whom’ is possible instead of who (for people) when it is the object of the verb in the relative clause. For example:

ü      The man was away on holiday.

ü      I wanted to see him.

ü      The man whom I wanted to see was away on holiday.

ü      In spoken English, we normally prefer who or that.

• ‘Where’ is to talk about places.

ü      The hotel – we stayed there – wasn’t very clean

ü      The hotel where we stayed wasn’t very clean.

 

Direct and Indirect Speech

There are two ways of reporting what somebody says;

• direct speech
• indirect (or reported) speech

 

In direct speech we use the speaker’s own words. When using direct speech in your writing you need to use the correct punctuation.

• The exact words spoken must be enclosed in speech marks.
• The first word of the speech must begin with a capital letter.
• The words in the speech marks must be separated from the rest of the sentence by a comma.
• You must use a new line when a new speaker begins to speak.

For example:

• I said, “Come on Chris, have another slide it’s great fun. “
• I said, “Come on Chris haven’t you had any exercise?”
• Tom said, “I’m feeling bad.”
• Helen said, “I am going home.”

 

In indirect speech (sometimes called reported speech) we do not use the exact words of the speaker. We sometimes need to change pronouns and verb tenses. We don’t use speech marks. When we use reported speech, we are usually talking about the past. So verb usually change to the past, for example:

am/is  are have/has will can do/want/know, etc

was  were had would could did/wanted/knew, etc

 

Here are the examples of indirect/reported speech:

• Tom said (that) he was feeling bad.
• Helen said (that) she was going home.
• I said to Chris to have another slide.
• I told Jim not to shout.

Passive Voice

Passive is used when it is not so important who or what did the action.

For example:

• Somebody built this house in 1995. (active)
• The house was built in 1995. (passive)

The form of passive sentence is be followed by past participle

be (is/am/are/was/were/has been, etc) + past participle

If you want to say who did or what caused the action, use by:

• This dress was made by my mother

Here is the table of passive form of some active tenses

TENSES	ACTIVE	PASSIVE
Simple present	eats	is eaten
Present continuous	is eating	is being eaten
Present perfect	has eaten	has been eaten
Simple past	ate	was eaten
Past continuous	was eating	was being eaten
Past perfect	had eaten	had been eaten
Future	will eat	will be eaten
Conditional	would eat	would be eaten
Perfect conditional	would have eaten	would have been eaten
Present infinitive	to eat	to be eaten
Perfect infinitive	to have eaten	to have been eaten
Present participle (gerund)	eating	being eaten
Perfect participle	having eaten	having been eaten

Some examples of passive sentences:

• The students are asked to do the assignment.
• My broken car is being repaired now.
• The room looks nice. It has been cleaned.
• The hotel will be opened next year.
• The house was cleaned last night.
• The house was being cleaned when I arrived.
• The room looked much better. It had been cleaned.
• I don’t like being told what to do.
• The problem can be solved.
• The window should have been cleaned yesterday.

Expressing Greeting

Here some expressions you can use to greet other people :

Greeting :

• Hello
• Good mornig,Sir/madam
• How are you?
• How’s life ? / How is it doing?
• How are things? / How is everything?
• Hi, Shelly! Long time no see

Responding :

• Hello/Hi
• Good Morning/ Morning, Charlie
• Fine, thanks, and you?
• Not, very well, I guess
• Not bad at all
• Hi, Doni!yeah, right

Expressing Love, Expressing Sadness, Expressing embarrassment

Expressing Love

• I love you
• I love you too
• I like..
• I enjoy..
• I’m very keen on…

 Expressing Sadness

• Oh, I just  don’t know what to do
• Please leave me alone
• Come on! It can not be as bad as all that..
• I can see why you’re so sad…but…

Expressing embarrassment

• How embarrassing !
• It really makes me ashamed.
• I was so embarassed.
• tell me it did not happen.